The modeling of gas–liquid plumes in steelmaking ladles has been the subject of many
investigations. In most studies, the “modified” Froude number, based on the momentum of …

Many metallurgical functions such as dehydrogenation, decarburization, and inclusion
removal are achieved during Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) treatment. The realization of these …

A hydrodynamic model of submerged gas injection systems and their effects on liquid metal
stirring is presented. It is argued that hydrodynamic conditions at the nozzle, tuyere, or plug …

To obtain a better understanding the gas-steel-slag three-phase flow in ladle metallurgy with
eccentric gas bubbling, both the single-plug-stirred and dual-plug-stirred water model …

The structural development of air-water bubble plumes during upward injection into a ladle-
shaped vessel has been measured under different conditions of air flow rate, orifice …

The gas fraction and bubble frequency distributions in a submerged air jet, injected
horizontally into mercury, have been measured under isothermal, nonreactive conditions for …

Recently, in order to meet the demands for sheet steel that has good cold workability, the
production of ultra-low carbon steel has increased. To produce ultra-low carbon steel, steel …

Side-blown smelting technology has been widely adopted in the copper smelting process. In
this study, the stirring uniformity of molten bath and the smelting efficiency of the copper …

Abstract Knowledge of gas–liquid multiphase flow behavior in the Rheinsahl–Heraeus (RH)
system is of great significance to clarify the circulation flow rate, decarburization, and …

To investigate the gas agitation characteristics of side blowing, the fluid flow and mixing
phenomenon in a 1: 3 scale model ladle of a 150 t industrial gas-stirred ladle with bottom …