Particulate matter (PM) is the principal component of air pollution. PM includes a range of
particle sizes, such as coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles. Particles that are< 100 nm in …

The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic
heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis …

One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is …

Plasticity is a hallmark of cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. In response to innate
recognition or signals from lymphocyte subsets, mononuclear phagocytes undergo adaptive …

The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity,
assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune …

The classical pathway of interferon-γ-dependent activation of macrophages by T helper 1
(TH1)-type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with …

The 18 glycosyl hydrolase family of chitinases is an ancient gene family that is widely
expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In mammals, despite the absence of endogenous …

Universal and essential to cytokine receptor signaling, the JAK-STAT pathway is one of the
best understood signal transduction cascades. Almost 40 cytokine receptors signal through …

Important insights have recently been gained in our understanding of how host immune
responses mediate resistance to parasitic helminths and control associated pathological …

Immune regulation by parasites is a global concept that includes suppression, diversion,
and conversion of the host immune response to the benefit of the pathogen. While many …