Shape memory polymer (SMP) and SMP composites (SMPC) can memorize the permanent
shape and recover from the temporary shape to the permanent shape when stimulated by …

Shape memory polymers (SMPs), as a class of programmable stimuli-responsive shape
changing polymers, are attracting increasing attention from the standpoint of both …

As a kind of intelligent material, shape memory polymer (SMP) can respond to outside
stimuli and possesses good properties including shape memory effect, deformability and …

The rapid development of additive manufacturing and advances in shape memory materials
have fueled the progress of four-dimensional (4D) printing. With the right external stimulus …

Nucleic acid-functionalized polyacrylamide chains that are cooperatively cross-linked by i-
motif and nucleic acid duplex units yield, at pH 5.0, DNA hydrogels exhibiting shape …

Conventional thermoset shape memory polymers can maintain a stable permanent shape,
but the intrinsically chemical cross-linking leads to shape that cannot be altered. In this …

The addition of the time dimension to three-dimensional (3D) printing has introduced four-
dimensional (4D) printing technology, which has gained considerable attention in different …

The aim of this paper is to create adaptive structures capable of self-expanding and self-
shrinking by means of four-dimensional printing technology. An actuator unit is designed …

Shape memory materials (SMMs), including alloys and polymers, can be programmed into a
temporary configuration and then recover the original shape in which they were processed …

With the additional dimension, 4D printing is emerging as a novel technique to enable
configuration switching in 3D printed items. In this paper, four major approaches, namely self …