The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by
releasing vasodilator substances. The best‐characterized endothelium‐derived relaxing …

Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
diabetes and is the most common cause of proteinuric and non-proteinuric forms of end …

The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1
and-2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ET A and ET B, with equal affinity, whereas …

Simultaneous inhibition of angiotensin II AT1 and endothelin ETA receptors has emerged as
a promising approach for treatment of chronic progressive kidney disease. This therapeutic …

Endothelin (ET) is found to be increased in kidney disease secondary to hyperglycaemia,
hypertension, acidosis, and the presence of insulin or proinflammatory cytokines. In this …

The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with diabetes and
hypertension accounting for the majority of cases, is on the rise, with up to 160 million …

In patients with renal diseases characterized by proteinuria, the initial insult to the kidney is
usually followed by a progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate. This decline has …

The endothelium releases factors that control vascular relaxation and contraction,
thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis, and platelet activation and inhibition. Maintaining the …

The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the
blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in …

All progressive renal diseases are the consequence of a process of destructive fibrosis. This
review will focus on tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the pathophysiology of which will be divided …