Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, displaying
not only well-known motor deficits but also gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Consistently, it has …

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and
protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in
vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and …

The last decade has witnessed an exponentially growing interest in gut microbiota and the
gut-brain axis in health and disease. Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical …

The morbidity associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is increasing, posing a
threat to the mental and physical quality of life of humans. The crucial effect of microbiota on …

The intestinal barrier, which primarily consists of a mucus layer, an epithelial barrier, and a
gut vascular barrier, has a crucial role in health and disease by facilitating nutrient …

The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in modifying susceptibility to and progression
of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this review, we discuss roles for the microbiome in …