Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Gender differences in schizophrenia have been extensively researched and it is being
increasingly accepted that gonadal steroids are strongly attributed to this phenomenon. Of …

Monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for the degredation of serotonin, dopamine,
and norepinephrine in the central neurvous system. Although it has been nearly 100 years …

This article reviews evidence for sex differences in vulnerability to addiction with an
emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Sex differences in the …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

Depression is a neurological disorder that profoundly affects human physical and mental
health, resulting in various changes in the central nervous system. Despite several …

This article is part of a Special Issue (“Estradiol and cognition”). Estrogens have repeatedly
been shown to influence a wide array of social behaviors, which in rodents are …