The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not
least the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact on lives and livelihoods …

Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to
escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive …

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-2, has been tracked by
phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail,–. Although the …

SARS-CoV-2 is a SARS-like coronavirus of likely zoonotic origin first identified in December
2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province. The virus has since spread globally …

Annual epidemics of seasonal influenza cause hundreds of thousands of deaths, high levels
of morbidity, and substantial economic loss. Yet, global influenza circulation has been …

Understanding the causes and consequences of the emergence of severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern is crucial to pandemic control yet …

Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions,
seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The …

Influenza viruses are still a serious threat to human health. Cytokines are essential for cell-to-
cell communication and viral clearance in the immune system, but excessive cytokines can …

Influenza A virus (IAV) is the sole cause of the unpredictable influenza pandemics and
deadly zoonotic outbreaks and constitutes at least half of the cause of regular annual …

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a
significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have …