Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic
feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional …

When a behavior repeatedly fails to achieve its goal, animals often give up and become
passive, which can be strategic for preserving energy or regrou** between attempts. It is …

The CNS is prone to heterogeneous insults of diverse etiologies that elicit multifaceted
responses. Acute and focal injuries trigger wound repair with tissue replacement. Diffuse …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than those of infraprimate mammals,
suggesting that their role in neural processing has expanded with evolution. To assess the …

Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process
referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Recent progress demonstrates that reactive astrogliosis …

Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early
during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic …

According to the classical view of the nervous system, the numerically superior glial cells
have inferior roles in that they provide an ideal environment for neuronal-cell function …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …