Conjugated polymers (CPs), as exemplified by polypyrrole, are intrinsically conducting
polymers with potential for development as soft actuators or “artificial muscles” for numerous …

Films of conducting polymers in the presence of electrolytes can be oxidized or reduced by
the flow of anodic or cathodic currents. Ions and solvent are exchanged during a reaction for …

Electro-generations of conducting polymers are fast processes through a complex
mechanism of parallel reactions giving mixed materials. The films are three-dimensional …

We present a miniature linear piezoelectric ultrasonic motor with a thin and hollow design,
which can serve as an essential component of autofocusing features in next-generation …

We propose a micro linear ultrasonic motor, which is one of the smallest linear actuators that
can generate practical force. Such a small actuation mechanism can be used for a wide …

Conducting polymers are unique reactive materials whose composition (polymer–
counterion–solvent) shifts (non-stoichiometry) under electrochemical control in liquid …

Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any
intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or …

A theoretical model is proposed for the quantitative description of the chronopotentiometric
(Et) responses, under galvanostatic control, of either conducting polymer films or dual …

Simultaneous actuation and sensing properties of a triple layer actuator interchanging
cations are presented for the first time. Thick polypyrrole (pPy)/dodecylbenzenesulfonate …

The development of linear muscle‐like actuators remains a key objective in the field of
electroactive polymers (EAPs). While ionic EAPs are promising technologies to develop …