The Earth's climate is changing; ice sheets and glaciers are melting and coastal hazards
and sea level are rising in response. With a total population of over 300 million people …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Coral reefs worldwide are facing impacts from climate change, overfishing, habitat
destruction, and pollution. The cumulative effect of these impacts on global capacity of coral …

Ocean warming and acidification threaten the future growth of coral reefs. This is because
the calcifying coral reef taxa that construct the calcium carbonate frameworks and cement …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Sea level rise (SLR) will increase adaptation needs along low-lying coasts worldwide.
Despite centuries of experience with coastal risk, knowledge about the effectiveness and …

Diseases are major drivers of the deterioration of coral reefs and are linked to major
declines in coral abundance, reef functionality, and reef-related ecosystems services. An …

Scientists have advocated for local interventions, such as creating marine protected areas
and implementing fishery restrictions, as ways to mitigate local stressors to limit the effects of …

Active coral restoration typically involves two interventions: crossing gametes to facilitate
sexual larval propagation; and fragmenting, growing, and outplanting adult colonies to …

Without drastic efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate globalized stressors, tropical
coral reefs are in jeopardy. Strategic conservation and management requires identification …