Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is
associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized
by cognitive decline and the presence of two core pathologies, amyloid β plaques and …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging.
Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the
formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) …

Numerous studies demonstrate that neuroinflammation is a key player in the progression of
Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interleukin (IL)-1β is a main inducer of inflammation and therefore …

Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined:
ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic. While ramified cells were long regarded as “resting” …

The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the
pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia …

The complement cascade is a critical effector mechanism of the innate immune system that
contributes to the rapid clearance of pathogens and dead or dying cells, as well as …

For years, it has been reported that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of
dementia. Various external and internal factors may contribute to the early onset of AD. This …