One could certainly highlight a conceptual resemblance between social interactions as the
basis of societies and civilizations and the ability of molecules to interact in a noncovalent …

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children and
travelers in develo** countries. ETEC is characterized by the ability to produce major …

Caspase-1 activation by inflammasome scaffolds comprised of intracellular nucleotide-
binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and the adaptor ASC is …

Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Citrobacter rodentium, Salmonella
typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri are sensed in an ill-defined manner by an intracellular …

Cytoplasmic vacuolization (also called cytoplasmic vacuolation) is a well-known
morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral …

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins which lack enzymatic activity on their ligand and
are distinct from antibodies and free mono-and oligosaccharide sensor/transport proteins …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle required for lipid biosynthesis,
calcium storage, and protein folding and processing. A number of physiological and …

Background Glucose regulating protein 78 (GRP78) is one member of the Heat Shock
Protein family of chaperone proteins (HSPA5) found in eukaryotes. It acts as the master of …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constitutively produced by all Gram-negative bacteria.
OMVs form when buds from the outer membrane (OM) of cells encapsulate periplasmic …

The non-canonical caspase-4 and canonical NLRP3 inflammasomes are both activated by
intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the crosstalk between these two pathways …