Introduction and hypothesis Perineal pain and dyspareunia are experienced by women
undergoing a vaginal birth that can have short and longer term physical and psychological …

Introduction The natural history of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is poorly understood. We
investigated the prevalence and risk factors of postnatal POP in premenopausal primiparous …

Background The aetiology of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is still poorly understood.
However childbearing is recognized as a major risk factor. Objectives To elucidate the …

Introduction and hypothesis Little is known about the natural history of pelvic floor
dysfunction (PFD). We investigated the association between prepregnancy and postnatal …

Objectives To investigate the postnatal prevalence of sonographically diagnosed pelvic floor
trauma, and the correlations with various antenatal/intrapartum predictors in primiparous …

The female reproductive system is composed of several organs. 1 These include the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, vagina, and vulva. The vulva consists of the …

Objective Many women experience pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) during the perinatal
period. Knowledge of PFD among women is poor, which may reflect inadequate provision of …

Background Pregnancy and childbirth are thought to be the strongest environmental risk
factors for pelvic organ prolapse, but prolapse does occur in nulliparae. Aim To characterise …

Background The extent to which fecal incontinence is associated with obstetrical history or
pelvic floor injuries is still a controversial and unresolved issue. One crucial first step toward …

Objective Vaginal childbirth is an established main aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of
female pelvic floor dysfunction. However, pregnancy itself is also likely to have an effect …