The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive
zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly …

Stomata play a central role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Existing
knowledge regarding the roles of stomata in plant stress is centered on abiotic stresses and …

The novel classes of plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins identified during the last
decade also include novel peptide families. This review specifically focuses on these …

Glucosinolates and their associated degradation products have long been recognized for
their distinctive benefits to human nutrition and plant defense. Because most of the structural …

Indirect responses are defensive strategies by which plants attract natural enemies of their
herbivores that act as plant defending agents. Such defences can be either constitutively …

Methionine‐derived glucosinolates belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites that
serve as chemoprotective compounds in plant biotic defense reactions and also exhibit …

Salicylic acid (SA), a plant hormone plays an important role in induction of plant defense
against a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses through morphological, physiological and …

Plants activate defence responses to protect themselves against microbial pathogens and
herbivorous insects. However, induction of defences comes at a price, as the associated …

Cross talk between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways plays an
important role in the regulation and fine tuning of induced defenses that are activated upon …

Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and their interactions mediate plant
responses to pathogen and herbivore attack. JA-SA and JA-ET cross-signaling are well …