From protists to humans, all animals and plants are inhabited by microbial organisms. There
is an increasing appreciation that these resident microbes influence the fitness of their plant …

The diversified NF-κB transcription factor family has been extensively characterized in
organisms ranging from flies to humans. However, homologs of NF-κB and many upstream …

At the current rate of climate change, it is unlikely that multicellular organisms will be able to
adapt to changing environmental conditions through genetic recombination and natural …

The vast majority of research on nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling in the past 25 years has
focused on its roles in normal and disease‐related processes in vertebrates, especially mice …

Abstract Characterization of large numbers of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP s)
throughout a genome has the power to refine the understanding of population demographic …

The maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis in the face of changes in the
environment is essential for survival. Pathogenic microorganisms represent one type of …

The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is found in nearly all animal cell types.
It is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals …

Transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in immunity from fruit flies to humans, and NF-
κB activity is altered in many human diseases. To investigate a role for NF-κB in immunity …

The marine mussel Mytilus edulis and its closely related sister species are distributed world-
wide and play an important role in coastal ecology and economy. The diversification in …

In organisms from insects to vertebrates, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pathogen
detectors that activate downstream pathways, specifically those that direct expression of …