Highlights•Many abiotic and biotic factors in addition to temperature can drive color variation
in insects.•Museum collections and repeated field surveys reveal associations between …

Birds exhibit remarkable variation in plumage patterns, both within individual feathers and
among plumage patches. Differences in the size, shape, and location of pigments and …

Biological coloration presents a canvas for the study of ecological and evolutionary
processes. Enduring interest in colour‐based phenotypes has driven, and been driven by …

The physical nature of the built urban environment gives rise to urban heat islands (UHI),
making many cities frequently thermally uncomfortable in the summer, with potentially …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Natural selection generally favours phenotypic variability in camouflaged organisms,
whereas aposematic organisms are expected to evolve a more uniform warning coloration …

It has long been suggested that tropical species are generally more colourful than temperate
species, but whether latitudinal gradients in organismal colourfulness exist remains …

Camouflage is a key defence across taxa and frequently critical to survival. A common
strategy is background matching, resembling the colour and pattern of the environment. This …

Evading detection by predators is crucial for survival. Camouflage is therefore a widespread
adaptation, but despite substantial research effort our understanding of different camouflage …

The nighttime environment is being altered rapidly over large areas worldwide through
introduction of artificial lighting, from streetlights and other sources. This is predicted to …