Abstract Changes in the zonal gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) across the
equatorial Pacific have major consequences for global climate. Therefore, accurate future …

The ENSO observing system in the tropical Pacific plays an important role in monitoring
ENSO and hel** improve the understanding and prediction of ENSO. Occurrence of …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

A new index is developed for the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, termed the IPO Tripole
Index (TPI). The IPO is associated with a distinct 'tripole'pattern of sea surface temperature …

Historical records of precipitation, streamflow and drought indices all show increased aridity
since 1950 over many land areas,. Analyses of model-simulated soil moisture,, drought …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

Global warming first became evident beyond the bounds of natural variability in the 1970s,
but increases in global mean surface temperatures have stalled in the 2000s. Increases in …

We document the development and simulation characteristics of the next generation
modeling system for seasonal to decadal prediction and projection at the Geophysical Fluid …

Despite a steady increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), global-mean surface
temperature (T) has shown no discernible warming since about 2000, in sharp contrast to …