Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer
immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Bone development occurs through a series of synchronous events that result in the
formation of the body scaffold. The repair potential of bone and its surrounding …

Introduction In bone tissue, bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by
osteoblasts are repeated continuously. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from …

Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and
bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to …

Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and
dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune'system, which functions
as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where …

The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated,
lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) binds RANK on the
surface of osteoclast precursors to trigger osteoclastogenesis. Recent studies have …