We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

This paper is the first of a series of four GMD papers on the PMIP4-CMIP6 experiments. Part
2 (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2017) gives details about the two PMIP4-CMIP6 interglacial …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one of the best studied palaeoclimatic intervals,
offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the climate system responds to changes in …

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM,~ 21,000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating
how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those …

The implementation of boundary conditions is a key aspect of climate simulations. We
describe here how the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) forcing data …

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in
paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we …

Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison
Project (PMIP4) simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The …