Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Cancer development is closely associated with immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment (TME) that attenuates antitumor immune responses and promotes tumor …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and is
emerging as the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver transplantation and hepatocellular …

Melanoma, the most aggressive form of cutaneous malignancy arising from melanocytes, is
frequently characterized by metastasis. Despite considerable progress in melanoma …

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread clinical disease characterized by cartilage degeneration
in middle-aged and elderly people. Currently, there is no effective treatment for OA apart …

The cGAS-STING signaling is an important pathway involved in the regulation of tumor
microenvironment, which affects many cellular functions including immune activation. Its role …

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that is highly involved in bone health. Mounting
evidence revealed that, in addition to the regulation of mineral metabolism, vitamin D is …

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a global health challenge affecting close to 1 million
cases yearly. Liver transplantation provides the best long‐term outcomes for those meeting …