Current biotechnology relies on a few well-studied model organisms, such as Escherichia
coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for which abundant information and efficient toolkits are …

Prime editing enables a wide variety of precise genome edits in living cells. Here we use
protein evolution and engineering to generate prime editors with reduced size and improved …

Bacteriophages, the most abundant organisms on earth, have the potential to address the
rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria resulting from the overuse of antibiotics. However, their …

While there are several genome editing techniques available, few are suitable for dynamic
and simultaneous mutagenesis of arbitrary targeted sequences in prokaryotes. Here, to …

Retrons are bacterial immune systems that use reverse-transcribed DNA (RT-DNA) to detect
phage infection. They are also deployed for genome editing, where they are modified so that …

The detection of molecular patterns associated with invading pathogens is a hallmark of
innate immune systems. Prokaryotes deploy sophisticated host defense mechanisms in …

DNAzymes are catalytically active single-stranded DNAs in which DNAzyme 10–23 (Dz 10–
23) consists of a catalytic core and a substrate-binding arm that reduces gene expression …

Many phages, such as T4, protect their genomes against the nucleases of bacterial
restriction-modification (RM) and CRISPR-Cas systems through covalent modification of …

Retrons are toxin-antitoxin systems protecting bacteria against bacteriophages via abortive
infection. The Retron-Eco1 antitoxin is formed by a reverse transcriptase (RT) and a non …

Directed evolution seeks to evolve target genes at a rate far exceeding the natural mutation
rate, thereby endowing cellular and enzymatic properties with desired traits. In vivo …