The world is rapidly adopting renewable energy alternatives at a remarkable rate to address
the ever-increasing environmental crisis of CO 2 emissions. Renewable energy system …

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) have been established as a key component in industrial
water desalination and electrolysis processes. Thus, nowadays, they are being studied and …

Responding to rapid growth of the renewable energy applications, it is crucial to develop low
cost and high efficient large-scale energy storage systems in order to smooth out the …

A family of hybrid inorganic-organic ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) is prepared, indicated
as [Nafion/(WO 3) x]. The IEMs consist of Nafion® dispersing different loadings (x) of …

In this study, a series of the commercial Nafion membranes (equivalent weight of 1100 g
mol− 1) with thickness of 50 μm (Nafion 112), 88 μm (Nafion 1135), 125 μm (Nafion 115) …

Over the past three decades, intensive research activities have focused on the development
of electrochemical energy storage devices, particularly exploiting the concept of flow …

1.1. Energy Reality and Increasing Renewable Penetration The current worldwide electric
generation capacity is estimated to be about 20 terawatt hours (TW, x 1012 watts). 1 …

Redox flow batteries, which have been developed over the last 40 years, are used to store
energy on the medium to large scale, particularly in applications such as load levelling …

The past few decades have shown a rapid and continuous exhaustion of the available
energy resources which may lead to serious energy global crises. Researchers have been …

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is one of the most promising electrochemical energy
storage systems deemed suitable for a wide range of renewable energy applications that …