Despite the substantial progress achieved in the development and integration of augmented
reality (AR) in surgical robotic and autonomous systems (RAS), the center of focus in most …

OBJECTIVE: Virtual reality-simulated environments have been used for the training of
personnel, most notably for military applications, for more than 35 years. The advantages …

The subject of simulating internal organs is a valuable and important topic of research to
multiple fields from medical analysis to education and training. This paper presents a …

Abstract The term Virtual Reality (VR) was popularized in the late 1980s by Jaron Lanier,
one of the pioneers of the field. At the same time, also the term Artificial Reality (Krueger, M …

We develop a computer-based training system to simulate laparoscopic procedures in
virtual environments for medical training. The major hardware components of our system …

In this paper, we describe the latest developments of the minimally invasive hepatic surgery
simulator prototype developed at INRIA. A key problem with such a simulator is the physical …

We describe the latest developments of the minimally invasive hepatic surgery simulator
prototype developed at INRIA. A key problem with such a simulator is the physical modeling …

Computer haptics, an emerging field of research that is analogous to computer graphics, is
concerned with the generation and rendering of haptic virtual objects. In this paper, we …

The goal of haptic rendering is to enable a user to touch, feel, and manipulate virtual objects
through a haptic interface. With the introduction of high-fidelity haptic devices (see chap. 5 …

Current training models are limited by an unstructured curriculum, financial costs, human
costs, and time constraints. With the newly mandated resident surgical competency, training …