Surface mass balance (SMB) provides mass input to the surface of the Antarctic and
Greenland Ice Sheets and therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet mass …

We review the findings of approximately 60 years of in situ and remote sensing studies of
glacier crevasses, as well as the three broad classes of numerical models now employed to …

Government policies currently commit us to surface warming of three to four degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which will lead to enhanced ice-sheet melt. Ice-sheet …

We use numerical climate simulations, paleoclimate data, and modern observations to study
the effect of growing ice melt from Antarctica and Greenland. Meltwater tends to stabilize the …

We assess the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) to sea level change. We
use the mass budget method, which quantifies ice sheet mass balance (MB) as the …

Abstract The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is a growing contributor to global sea-level rise 1,
with recent ice mass loss dominated by surface meltwater runoff 2, 3. Satellite observations …

Surface melting occurs across many of Antarctica's ice shelves, mainly during the austral
summer. The onset, duration, area and fate of surface melting varies spatially and …

In recent decades, meltwater runoff has accelerated to become the dominant mechanism for
mass loss in the Greenland ice sheet,–. In Greenland's high-elevation interior, porous snow …

The climate in Svalbard is undergoing amplified change compared to the global mean. This
has major implications for runoff from glaciers and seasonal snow on land. We use a …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has a central role in the global climate system owing to its
size, radiative effects and freshwater storage, and as a potential tip** point. Weather …