Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Experimental models of epilepsy are useful to identify potential mechanisms of
epileptogenesis, seizure genesis, comorbidities, and treatment efficacy. The kainic acid (KA) …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Epilepsy is a complex neurological syndrome characterized by seizures resulting from
neuronal hyperexcitability and sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical discharges …

Astrocytes are key active elements of the brain that contribute to information processing.
They not only provide neurons with metabolic and structural support, but also regulate …

Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which
do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of …

Epilepsy, a common multifactorial neurological disease, affects about 69 million people
worldwide constituting nearly 1% of the world population. Despite decades of extensive …

Accumulating evidence indicates an important pathophysiological role of brain inflammation
in epilepsy. In this review, we will provide an update of specific inflammatory pathways that …

Cyclooxygenases are a group of heme-containing isozymes (namely Cox-1 and Cox-2) that
catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to largely bioactive prostaglandins (PGs). Cox-1 …

Highlights•Ionic plasticity of GABA signaling relies on short-term and long term changes in E
GABA.•Cl− transport and carboanhydrases play a key role in ionic plasticity and …