Adaptation is increasing across all sectors globally. Yet, the effectiveness of adaptation is
inadequate, and examples of maladaptation are increasing. To reduce the risk of …

Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Current policies and actions make it very likely, at least temporarily, to overshoot the Paris
climate targets of 1.5–< 2.0° C above pre-industrial levels. If this global warming range is …

We are part of Nature, not separate from it. We rely on Nature to provide us with food, water
and shelter; regulate our climate and disease; maintain nutrient cycles and oxygen …

Climate scientists have long emphasized the importance of climate tip** points like
thawing permafrost, ice sheet disintegration, and changes in atmospheric circulation. Yet …

This Report responds to the invitation for IPCC?... to provide a Special Report in 2018 on the
impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global …

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a
planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate …

Forecasts by economists of the economic damage from climate change have been notably
sanguine, compared to warnings by scientists about damage to the biosphere. This is …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …