Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney
fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a …

Exosome is a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, which has been serving as an efficient
therapeutic tool for various diseases. Engineered exosomes are the sort of exosomes …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD)‐induced lower back pain (LBP) is a common
problem worldwide. The underlying mechanism is partially accredited to ferroptosis, based …

Cancer is one of the most intractable diseases owing to its high mortality rate and lack of
effective diagnostic and treatment tools. Advancements in micro‐/nanorobot (MNR)‐assisted …

Exosomes, a kind of nano-vesicles released by various cell types, carry a variety of “cargos”
including proteins, RNAs, DNAs and lipids. There is substantial evidence that exosomes are …

Inflammation is a beneficial and physiological process, but there are a number of
inflammatory diseases which have detrimental effects on the body. In addition, the drugs …

The idea of employing natural cell membranes as a coating medium for nanoparticles (NPs)
endows man-made vectors with natural capabilities and benefits. In addition to retaining the …

Being one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, cancer represents an
ongoing interdisciplinary challenge for the scientific community. As currently used treatments …

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) such as exosomes are nanoscale membranous particles
(< 200 nm) that have emerged as crucial targets for liquid biopsy and as promising drug …

There is increasing evidence that malignant tumors are initiated and maintained by a sub-
population of tumor cells that have similar biological properties to normal adult stem cells …