Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing
pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal …

Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances.
Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern …

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) XIST establishes X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in
female cells in early development and thereafter is thought to be largely dispensable. Here …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad
spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40–70 …

Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain
microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by high-titer serological
autoantibodies, including antibodies that bind to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The origin …

Cysteine protease cathepsins have traditionally been considered as lysosome-restricted
proteases that mediate proteolysis of unwanted proteins. However, studies from the past …

A male sex bias has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, fitting to the sex-biased pattern in
other viral infections. Males are 2.84 times more often admitted to the ICU and mortality is …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the
presence of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, immune complex deposition, and …

TLR8 is among the highest-expressed pattern-recognition receptors in the human myeloid
compartment, yet its mode of action is poorly understood. TLR8 engages two distinct ligand …