Process-based modelling offers interpretability and physical consistency in many domains of
geosciences but struggles to leverage large datasets efficiently. Machine-learning methods …

Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting
in an exponential climb in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has been identified as an …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf‐scale
photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential …

Abstract The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth
System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this …

Abstract Changes in evapotranspiration (ET) affect water availability and ecosystem health.
Higher evaporative demand during drought acts to increase ET, but droughts also reduce …

Global photosynthesis is increasing with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, a
response known as the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE), but the key processes of CFE are not …

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological
characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect …

Net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (A n) decreases at leaf temperatures above a
relatively mild optimum (T opt) in most higher plants. This decline is often attributed to …

Heatwaves exert disproportionately strong and sometimes irreversible impacts on forest
ecosystems. These impacts remain poorly understood at the tree and species level and …

Contents Summary 693 I. Introduction 693 II. Comparison of various definitions and
measurement techniques of minimum conductance 694 III. Cuticular conductance 695 IV …