▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis was formulated 12 years ago in an attempt to
offer a proximate mechanism by which female choice of males could be explained by …

Despite the benefits of resistance, susceptibility to infectious disease is commonplace.
Although specific susceptibility may be considered an inevitable consequence of the co …

For almost 40 years, studies of whole-organism performance have formed a cornerstone of
evolutionary physiology. Although its utility as a heuristic guide is beyond question, and we …

Fishes, amphibia and reptiles, the ectothermic vertebrates, are hosts for a variety of
intraerythrocytic parasites including protists, prokaryotes, viruses and structures of uncertain …

Nature-based tourism has experienced a greater increase, and, even although it might have
deleterious effects for many wildlife species, its consequences remains little explored. Many …

Life history theory predicts that immunity should be plastic and reflect environmental
contexts. However, individual variation in immune investment may arise not just because of …

The physiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs are a
continued source of debate. Testosterone (T) is one physiological factor proposed to …

We analyzed whether habitat deterioration due to ski slopes affected lizards' behavior, and
whether these changes in behavior had consequences for the body condition and health …

Summary 1 Parasites might preferentially feed on hosts in good nutritional condition as such
hosts provide better resources for the parasites' own growth, survival and reproduction …