In oil and gas industry, produced water is considered as the largest waste stream, which
contains relatively higher concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants …

A large volume of produced water (PW) has been produced as a result of extensive
industrialization and rising energy demands. PW comprises organic and inorganic …

A thorough understanding of produced water (PW) quality is critical to advance the
knowledge and tools for effective PW management, treatment, risk assessment, and …

Produced water is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas production. It has a
complex matrix composed of native constituents from geologic formation, chemical additives …

Oilfield produced water, a toxic and saline byproduct of the oil and gas industry, has become
a global concern due to its adverse environmental and human health impacts. With large …

Produced water (PW), a waste byproduct of oil and gas extraction, is a complex mixture
containing numerous organic solubles and elemental species; these constituents range from …

The management of produced water (PW) generated during oil and gas operations requires
effective treatment and comprehensive chemical and toxicological assessment to reduce the …

The volume of produced water, a by-product of oil & gas operations and other energy
processes, has been growing across the United States (US) along with the need to manage …

Unconventional oil and gas development is achieved through a series of sub-processes,
which utilize large amounts of water, proppant, and chemical additives to retrieve …

Unconventional oil and gas operations are on the rise, and they are an integral component
to meeting the nation's energy needs. Produced water is the primary by-product of oil and …