Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are the enzymes that ensure faithful transmission of
genetic information in all living cells, and are central to the develo** technologies for …

The expansion of the genetic code is gradually becoming a core discipline in Synthetic
Biology. It offers the best possible platform for the transfer of numerous chemical reactions …

Mollicutes is a class of parasitic bacteria that have evolved from a common Firmicutes
ancestor mostly by massive genome reduction. With genomes under 1 Mbp in size, most …

Only decades after the introduction of organophosphate pesticides, bacterial
phosphotriesterases (PTEs) have evolved to catalyze their degradation with remarkable …

Translation efficiency has been mainly studied by ribosome profiling, which only provides an
incomplete picture of translation kinetics. Here, we integrated the absolute quantifications of …

The amide proteogenic amino acids, asparagine and glutamine, are two of the twenty amino
acids used in translation by all known life. The aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases for asparagine …

Over 300 amino acids are found in proteins in nature, yet typically only 20 are genetically
encoded. Reassigning stop codons and use of quadruplet codons emerged as the main …

Life on Earth and the genetic code evolved around tRNA and the tRNA anticodon. We posit
that the genetic code initially evolved to synthesize polyglycine as a cross-linking agent to …

The study of natural enzymes is complicated by the fact that only the most recent
evolutionary progression can be observed. In particular, natural oxidoreductases stand out …

High-fidelity translation and a strictly accurate proteome were originally assumed as
essential to life and cellular viability. Yet recent studies in bacteria and eukaryotic model …