All climate change scenarios predict an increase in both global temperature means and the
magnitude of seasonal and diel temperature variation. The nonlinear relationship between …

Winter survival for thousands of species of insects relies on adaptive strategies for cold
hardiness. Two basic mechanisms are widely used (freeze avoidance by deep supercooling …

A common physiological response of organisms to environmental stresses is the increase in
expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps). In insects, this process has been widely examined …

Storage at low temperature is a valuable method for increasing the shelf-life of natural
enemies such as insect parasitoids. Cold storage is usually performed under sub-optimal …

While insect cold tolerance has been well studied, the vast majority of work has focused on
the effects of a single cold exposure. However, many abiotic environmental stresses …

Insects vary considerably in their ability to survive low temperatures. The tractability of these
organisms to experimentation has lead to considerable physiology-based work investigating …

Biological control is widely successful at controlling pests, but effective biocontrol agents are
now more difficult to import from countries of origin due to more restrictive international trade …

Winter survival for many kinds of animals involves freeze tolerance, the ability to endure the
conversion of about 65% of total body water into extracellular ice and the consequences that …

Seasonal and daily thermal variation can limit species distributions because of physiological
tolerances. Low temperatures are particularly challenging for ectotherms, which use both …

Temperature stress is one of the crucial factors determining geographical distribution of
insect species. Most of them are active in moderate temperatures, however some are …