Intense ultrashort light pulses comprising merely a few wave cycles became routinely
available by the turn of the millennium. The technologies underlying their production and …

The synthesis of optical frequencies from the primary cesium microwave standard has
traditionally been a difficult problem due to the large disparity in frequency. Recently this …

The amplitude and frequency of laser light can be routinely measured and controlled on a
femtosecond (10-15 s) timescale. However, in pulses comprising just a few wave cycles, the …

Abstract The word'attosecond'(1 as= 10− 18 s) officially entered the vocabulary of physics
when sub-femtosecond pulses of UV/XUV light produced either by nonlinear frequency …

With the discovery of above-threshold ionization (ATI) by Agostini et al.(1979) intense-laser
atom physics entered the nonperturbative regime. These experiments recorded the …

The theoretical description and the experimental methods and results for above-threshold
ionization (ATI) by few-cycle pulses are reviewed. A pulse is referred to as a few-cycle pulse …

Currently, the shortest laser pulses that can be generated in the visible spectrum consist of
fewer than two optical cycles (measured at the full-width at half-maximum of the pulse's …

For the shortest pulses generated to date, the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave
changes almost as rapidly as the field oscillates. The temporal variation of the field, which …

Fresnel zone plates consisting of alternating transmissive and opaque circular rings can be
used to focus X-rays. The spatial resolution that can be achieved with these devices is of the …

Intense ultrashort waveforms of light that can be produced with an exactly predetermined
electromagnetic field are essential in a number of applications of extreme nonlinear optics …