The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins
consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine …

The tracheal system of insects is a network of epithelial tubules that functions as a
respiratory organ to supply oxygen to various target organs. Target-derived signaling inputs …

The dynamics of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling underlies its versatile
functions in cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell motility. Classical studies in …

Adult stem cells coordinate intrinsic and extrinsic, local and systemic, cues to maintain the
proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation. However, the precise mechanisms …

The Snail superfamily of transcription factors plays a crucial role in metazoan development;
one of the most important vertebrate members of this family is Snai1 which is orthologous to …

In many animals, progression of developmental stages is temporally controlled by steroid
hormones. In Drosophila, the level of ecdysone titer oscillates and developmental stage …

A specialised microenvironment, termed niche, provides extrinsic signals for the
maintenance of residential stem cells. However, how residential stem cells maintain niche …

Throughout embryonic development, cells respond to a diverse set of signals and forces,
making individual or collective decisions that drive the formation of specialized tissues. The …

To ensure locomotion and body stability, the active role of muscle contractions relies on a
stereotyped muscle pattern set in place during development. This muscle patterning …

The Drosophila trachea is an interconnected network of epithelial tubes, which delivers
gases throughout the entire organism. It is the premier model to study the development of …