Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the
presence of hyperglycemia, commonly preceded by a prediabetic state. The excess of blood …

Diabetic retinopathy, one of the most devastating complications of diabetes, is a
multifactorial progressing disease with a very complex etiology. Although many metabolic …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Background Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment found in several fruits and vegetables.
Belonging to the xanthophyll family, it is widely present in human and some animals skin …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic
disorder characterized by elevation in blood glucose level. The pathogenesis of DR includes …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the
leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a …

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by sustained
hyperglycemia, potentially leading to life-threatening health problems. While the …

The retina, the part of the eye, translates the light signal into an electric current that can be
sent to the brain as visual information. To achieve this, the retina requires fine-tuned …

Abstract Purpose of Review Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of visual impairment
and blindness throughout the world. Microvascular changes have long been regarded …

Diabetes is a lifelong disease characterized by glucose metabolic imbalance, in which low
insulin levels or impaired insulin signaling lead to hyperglycemic state. Within 20 years of …