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Bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, live in a large, unbounded society with a fission–
fusion grou** pattern. Potential cognitive demands include the need to develop social …

Relative brain size has long been considered a reflection of cognitive capacities and has
played a fundamental role in develo** core theories in the life sciences. Yet, the notion …

In the songs and bubble feeding of humpback whales; in young killer whales learning to
knock a seal from an ice floe in the same way their mother does; and in the use of sea …

Mammals are the most encephalized vertebrates, with the largest brains relative to body
size. Placental mammals have particularly enlarged brains, with expanded neocortices for …

The emergence of Cetacea in the Paleogene represents one of the most profound
macroevolutionary transitions within Mammalia. The move from a terrestrial habitat to a …

Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals between 50 and 60 million years ago and
acquired, during their adaptation to a fully aquatic milieu, many derived features, including …

Our knowledge of the form of lateralized sleep behavior, known as unihemispheric slow
wave sleep (USWS), seen in all members of the order Cetacea examined to date, is …

Humans stand out among the apes by having both an extremely large brain and a relatively
high reproductive output, which has been proposed to be a consequence of cooperative …

Introduction Evolution of extended breath-hold endurance enables the exploitation of the
aquatic niche by numerous mammalian lineages and is accomplished by elevated body …