Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process
regulated by various pro-and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway active at basal levels in all
cells. However, under stress conditions, such as a lack of nutrients or trophic factors, it works …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial
diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates cell-specific programs involved in
embryonic development, wound-healing, and immune homeostasis. Yet, during tumor …

Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many
pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular
signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular …

The TGFβ pathway has essential roles in embryonic development, organ homeostasis,
tissue repair and disease,. These diverse effects are mediated through the intracellular …

The intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex network of proteins that not
only forms a support structure for resident cells but also interacts closely with them by …

An emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (termed ILCs) has an essential role in the
initiation and regulation of inflammation. However, it is still unclear how ILCs are regulated …