Abstract 4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object
that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface …

In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such
as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living …

Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which
involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner …

Abstract 4D printing has attracted tremendous interest since its first conceptualization in
2013. 4D printing derived from the fast growth and interdisciplinary research of smart …

Processing tough hydrogels into sophisticated architectures is crucial for their applications
as structural elements. However, Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing of tough hydrogels …

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid
crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and …

As an emerging branch of additive manufacturing, multi-material 3D printing has drawn
tremendous attention as it offers more design flexibility that can combine materials with …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing, as a revolutionary technology for
future advanced manufacturing, usually prints parts with poor control of complex gradients …

Since the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing first emerged from additive
manufacturing technologies in 2013, there has been growing interest from researchers …

Vat photopolymerization is a widely adopted additive manufacturing process category owing
to its high accuracy and accessibility. These technologies utilize a light source to cure the …