4-1BB (CD137, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is an inducible costimulatory
receptor expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. 4-1BB ligation on T cells …

Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first
two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the high-risk factors for human HCC.
Despite the integration of virus DNA and the oncoprotein HBx, chronic necroinflammation …

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has over the last 10‐20 years become the focus of
increasing concern, largely due to its rising incidence and high mortality rates worldwide …

Inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are among the most successful protein-based
drugs (biologics) and have proven to be clinically efficacious at reducing inflammation …

Twenty-five years ago, we reported that agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies
eradicated transplanted mouse tumors because of enhanced CD8+ T-cell antitumor …

More than 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B despite the availability of
highly effective vaccines and oral antivirals. Although innate and adaptive immune cells play …

Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor
itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus and an important human pathogen. There are
an estimated 296 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, and …

The past decade has witnessed a surge in the development of immunomodulatory
approaches to combat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections …