Which systems/organisms are conscious? New tests for consciousness ('C-tests') are
urgently needed. There is persisting uncertainty about when consciousness arises in human …

The welfare of fishes and aquatic invertebrates is important, and several jurisdictions have
included these taxa under welfare regulation in recent years. Regulation of welfare requires …

Human cerebral organoids are three-dimensional biological cultures grown in the laboratory
to mimic as closely as possible the cellular composition, structure, and function of the …

Psychiatric disorders are often distinguished from neurological disorders in that the former
do not have characteristic lesions or findings from cerebrospinal fluid …

Can octopuses feel pain and pleasure? What about crabs, shrimps, insects, or spiders? How
do we tell whether a person unresponsive after severe brain injury might be suffering? When …

Consciousness-based approaches to non-human moral status maintain that consciousness
is necessary for (some degree or level of) moral status. While these approaches are intuitive …

Human cerebral organoids (HCOs) are model systems that enable researchers to
investigate the human brain in ways that had previously been impossible. The emergence of …

Human brain organoids (HBOs) are novel entities that may exhibit unique forms of cognitive
potential. What moral status, if any, do they have? Several authors propose that …

Neural organoids are laboratory-generated entities that replicate certain structural and
functional features of the human brain. Most neural organoids are disembodied—completely …

Abstract Background Human cerebral organoids (HCOs) offer unprecedented opportunities
to study the human brain in vitro, but they also raise important ethical concerns. Here we …