Abstract The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in …

Drug transporters are expressed in many tissues such as the intestine, liver, kidney, and
brain, and play key roles in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. The information on …

Diabetes leads to vascular leakage, glial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis within the
retina. The goal of the studies reported here was to determine the role that retinal microglial …

Rosmarinic acid (RA) reduced the mortality of mice infected with Japanese encephalitis
virus (JEV). Significant decreases in viral loads (P< 0.001) and proinflammatory cytokine …

The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) has not eliminated HIV-1
infection of the central nervous system (CNS) or the occurrence of HIV-associated …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the nervous system is unique when
compared with other viral encephalitides. Neuronal cell loss occurs in the absence of …

HIV protease inhibitors have proven remarkably effective in treating HIV-1 infection.
However, some tissues such as the brain and testes (sanctuary sites) are possibly protected …

Microglia are the main human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir in the central nervous
system and most likely play a major role in the development of HIV dementia (HIVD). To …

Microglia are endogenous brain macrophages that show distinct phenotypes such as
expression of myeloid antigens, ramified morphology, and presence within the neural …

Chemokines constitute a growing family of structurally and functionally related small (8–10
kDa) proteins associated with inflammatory-cell recruitment in host defence. In addition to …