Test-taking motivation (TTM) has been found to have a profound effect on low-stakes test
results. From the components of TTM test-taking effort has been shown to be the strongest …

Pictures are commonly used to represent problems. However, it is unclear how the addition
of pictures affects students' problem-solving performance. The multimedia effect in problem …

Background Item response times in computerized assessments are frequently used to
identify rapid guessing behaviour as a manifestation of response disengagement. However …

Multimedia effects in learning receive much attention in research. In contrast, effects of
different picture types in testing materials are hardly studied. The present computer-based …

Previous research has found that adding pictures to either text-based learning-or testing-
materials has beneficial effects (ie, multimedia effects in learning and testing). However, a …

Background In testing contexts that are predominately concerned with power, rapid
guessing (RG) has the potential to undermine the validity of inferences made from …

Static representational pictures (RPs) have been focused in research on the multimedia
effect in testing and might be especially important in arithmetical word problems, which …

Digital tests make it possible to identify student effort by means of response times,
specifically, unrealistically fast responses that are defined as rapid-guessing behavior …

Research on the multimedia effect in testing indicates that static representational pictures
(RPs) and, potentially, dynamic RPs that further subdivide the picture into segments may …

Realistic visualizations are considered to introduce the risk of distracting learners from
relevant information. In two experiments, the interplay between realism and a known form of …