Lake thermal dynamics have been considerably impacted by climate change, with potential
adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. To better understand the potential impacts of future …

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of advances in physical
limnology. A discussion of seasonal behavior and the role of the geographic location of a …

We document the configuration and emergent simulation features from the Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) OM4. 0 ocean/sea ice model. OM4 serves as the …

In previous computational fluid dynamics studies of breaking waves, there has been a
marked tendency to severely over-estimate turbulence levels, both pre-and post-breaking …

The Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) is a framework of ocean related
engines, namely OPA 1 for the ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, LIM 2 for the sea-ice …

A generalization of a class of differential length-scale equations typically used in second-
order turbulence models for oceanic flows is suggested. Commonly used models, like the k-ε …

Until recently, measurements below the ocean surface have tended to confirm “law of the
wall” behavior, in which the velocity profile is logarithmic, and energy dissipation decays …

An improved mixed layer model, based on second‐moment closure of turbulence and
suitable for application to oceanic and atmospheric mixed layers, is described. The model is …

Recent contributions to second-order turbulence modelling are reviewed with an emphasis
on models of the coastal ocean. Classical and recent turbulence models are reformulated …

The ideas for the realization of the program AQUASIM described in this manual grew from
the experiences made in a lot of interdisciplinary studies at the Swiss Federal Institute for …