The adenosine A2A receptor subtype is recognized as a non-dopaminergic
pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, notably …

Recent evidence has supported the hypothesis that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a
multi-step disease, as the onset of symptoms occurs after sequential exposure to a defined …

Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of neuronal excitability. Neuronal activity results in
increased adenosine release, thereby constraining excessive excitation. The exceptionally …

Neurotrophins are a well-known family of neurotrophic factors that play an important role
both in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they modulate neuronal survival …

Neuroplasticity is the capacity of neural networks in the brain to alter through development
and rearrangement. It can be classified as structural and functional plasticity. The …

Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), sense
synaptic activity and respond through the release of gliotransmitters, a process mediated by …

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and its primary ligand brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF) are expressed in the neuromuscular system, where they affect neuronal …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, involving the selective
degeneration of cortical upper synapses in the primary motor cortex (M1). Excitotoxicity in …

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is widely known for its multiple
systems damage, especially neurocognitive deficits in children. Since their discovery …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the foremost cause of global disability, being
responsible for enormous personal, societal, and economical costs. Importantly, existing …