Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid malignancies worldwide.
A large proportion of patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced stages and are only …

Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has
resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be …

Cellular redox homeostasis is an essential, dynamic process that ensures the balance
between reducing and oxidizing reactions within cells and thus has implications across all …

Senescence is a cellular response to a variety of stress signals that is characterized by a
stable withdrawal from the cell cycle and major changes in cell morphology and physiology …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

The cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 (also commonly known as xCT) functions to
import cystine for glutathione biosynthesis and antioxidant defense and is overexpressed in …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction
pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we …

The success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment has been impeded by various
mechanisms of resistance. Besides the acquisition of resistance-conferring genetic …

Chemodrug resistance is a major reason accounting for tumor recurrence. Given the
mechanistic complexity of chemodrug resistance, molecular inhibitors and targeting drugs …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …