Cation-π interactions arise as a result of strong attractive forces between positively charged
entities and the π-electron cloud of aromatic groups. The physicochemical characteristics of …

Covering: up to the end of 2005Saxitoxin (STX) was discovered early last century and can
contaminate seafood and drinking water, and over time has become an invaluable research …

INTRODUCTION Almost all venoms contain toxins that modulate the activity of voltage-gated
sodium (Nav) channels in order to incapacitate prey or predators. The single-chain …

The mane of the African lion (Panthera leo) is a highly variable trait that reflects male
condition and ambient temperature. We examined the consequences of this variation in a …

An asymmetric synthesis of the fugu fish poison,(−)-tetrodotoxin, is described. The route to
this extraordinary target employs a number of unique transformations, foremost of which are …

The last few years have brought about many changes in the field of marine and freshwater
toxins, with advances in analytical technology and the realization that these toxins are a …

Abstract The paralytic agent (+)‐saxitoxin (STX), most commonly associated with oceanic
red tides and shellfish poisoning, is a potent inhibitor of electrical conduction in cells. Its …

Neurotoxins attack and destruct the nervous system, which can cause serious health
problems and security threats. Existing detoxification approaches, such as antibodies and …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophins are essential for normal
brain function. Many types of neurons in the central nervous system are excited by BDNF or …

Understanding the molecular genetic basis of adaptations provides incomparable insight
into the genetic mechanisms by which evolutionary diversification takes place. Whether the …