Metachronal motion is used across a wide range of organisms for a diverse set of functions.
However, despite its ubiquity, analysis of this behavior has been difficult to generalize …

The fluid manipulation capabilities of current artificial cilia are severely handicapped by the
inability to reconfigure near-surface flow on various static or dynamically deforming three …

Metachronal rowing is a biological propulsion mechanism employed by many swimming
invertebrates (eg copepods, ctenophores, krill and shrimp). Animals that swim using this …

Many fishes employ distinct swimming modes for routine swimming and predator escape.
These steady and escape swimming modes are characterized by dramatically differing body …

Aquatic animals have developed a wide array of adaptations specific to life underwater,
many of which are related to moving in the water column. Different swimming methods have …

Even casual observations of a crow in flight or a shark swimming demonstrate that animal
propulsive structures bend in patterned sequences during movement. Detailed engineering …

Mantis shrimp swim via metachronal rowing, a pattern in which the pleopods (swimming
limbs) stroke sequentially, starting with the last pair and followed by anterior neighbors. A …

In drag-based swimming, individual propulsors operating at low Reynolds numbers (where
viscous forces dominate over inertial forces) must execute a spatially asymmetric stroke to …

Across Annelida, accessing the water column drives morphological and lifestyle
modifications—yet in the primarily “benthic” scale worms, the ecological significance of …

Abstract Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations (CFD) show that the Ordovician trilobite
Microparia speciosa had a high stability in the horizontal plane (parallel to the flow currents) …