Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt
concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces …

Each day,~ 1.7 kg of NaCl and 180 liters of water are reabsorbed by nephron segments in
humans, with urinary excretion fine tuned to meet homeostatic requirements. These tasks …

The thin limbs of the loop of Henle, which comprise the intermediate segment, connect the
proximal tubule to the distal tubule and lie entirely within the renal medulla. The descending …

Renal hemodynamics, renal transporter expression levels, and urine excretion exhibit
circadian variations. Disruption of these diurnal patterns is associated with the …

The ability of mammals to produce urine hyperosmotic to plasma requires the generation of
a gradient of increasing osmolality along the medulla from the corticomedullary junction to …

Mathematical models of the proximal tubule (PT), loop of Henle (LOH), and distal nephron
have been combined to simulate transport by rat renal tubules. The ensemble is composed …

A new, region-based mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism of the rat
renal medulla was used to investigate the significance of transport and structural properties …

Comparative studies of renal structure and function have potential to provide insights into
the urine-concentrating mechanism of the mammalian kidney. This review focuses on the …

Renal medullary function is characterized by corticopapillary concentration gradients of
various molecules. One example is the generally decreasing axial gradient in oxygen …

In a companion study [Layton AT. A mathematical model of the urine concentrating
mechanism in the rat renal medulla. I. Formulation and base-case results. Am J Physiol …