Almost 40 years ago the concept of the substorm current wedge was developed to explain
the magnetic signatures observed on the ground and in geosynchronous orbit during …

The magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially localized,
transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” …

Earth's magnetotail contains magnetic energy derived from the kinetic energy of the solar
wind. Conversion of that energy back to particle energy ultimately powers Earth's auroras …

Energetic particle injections are critical for supplying particles and energy to the inner
magnetosphere. Recent case studies have demonstrated a good correlation between …

Dipolarization fronts (DFs) are frequently detected in the Earth's magnetotail from XGSM=−
30 RE to XGSM=− 7 RE. How these DFs are formed is still poorly understood. Three …

The basic structure and dynamics of the primary electric current systems in the Earth's
magnetosphere are presented and discussed. In geophysics, the word current is used to …

A dipolarizing flux bundle (DFB) is a small magnetotail flux tube (typically<~ 3 RE in XGSM
and YGSM) with a significantly more dipolar magnetic field than its background. Dipolarizing …

Modes and manifestations of the explosive activity in the Earth's magnetotail, as well as its
onset mechanisms and key pre-onset conditions are reviewed. Two mechanisms for the …

Recent observations have suggested that spatially localized flows of high‐temperature, low‐
density plasma carrying a dipolarized magnetic field (dipolarizing flux bundles, DFBs) play a …

In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts
(DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations (including Cluster …